Digitalization Of Communication And The Spiral Of Silence Theory
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v14i1.312Abstract
This article discusses the issue of the influence of digital technologies on manifestations and transformation of the spiral of silence phenomenon. An analysis is given on the role of the Internet as a public sphere, and the results of recent researches on spiral of silence manifestations on online-based platforms are discussed. The author comes to the conclusion that manifestations of spiral of silence are crucial in the process of the development of the Internet as a public sphere, and, communicative, technological and social-psychological factors, discussed in this paper, will determine whether and how online-based platforms will contribute democratic processes.
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References
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23. Liu X., & Fahm Sh. (2011). Exploring the spiral of silence in the virtual world: lndividuals' willingness to express personal opinions in online versus offline settings. Journal of Media and Communication Studies. 3(2), 45-57.
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25. Luo L., Li M., Wang Q., Xue Y., Liu Ch., & Wang Zh., (2016) Spiral of Silence in Social Networks: A Data-driven Approach. IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM).
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28. Matthes J., Knoll J., & von Sikorski Ch. (2018). The “Spiral of Silence” Revisited: A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Perceptions of Opinion Support and Political Opinion Expression. Communication Research, 45 (1), 3-33
29. McChesney, R. (1995). The Internet and US Communication Policy-Making in Historical and Critical Perspective. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 1(4). Retrived February 29, 2020 from: https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/article/1/4/JCMC142/4584372
30. Neubaum G., & Krämer N. (2018), What Do We Fear? Expected Sanctions for Expressing Minority Opinions in Offline and Online Communication. Communication Research, 45(2), 139–164.
31. Noelle-Neumann E. (1996). Obshestvennoe mnenie. Otkrikite spirali molchaniya (Public opinion. The discovery of spiral of silence, in Russian). Moscow: Progress-Academy publishing-house.
32. Oz M. (2015). The spiral of silence on the new media environment, Conference by The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. Retrived February 29, 2020 from: https://www.academia.edu/15309047/The_spiral_of_silence_on_the_new_media_environment
33. Porten-Cheé P., & Eilders Ch. (2015). Spiral of silence online: How online communication affects opinion climate perception and opinion expression regarding the climate change debate. Studies in Communication Sciences, 15, (1), 143-150.
34. Rasmussen T., (2014). Internet and the Political Public Sphere. Sociology Compass, 8 (12), 1315–1329.
35. Sauerwein J. A. (1933). The Moulders of Public Opinion. In: Public Opinion and World Politics. Ed. Quincy Wright. Chicago.
36. Schulz A., & Roessler P. (2012). The Spiral of Silence and the Internet: Selection of Online Content and the Perception of the Public Opinion Climate in Computer-Mediated Communication Environment. International Journal of Public Opinion Research. 24 (3). 346-367.
37. Speier H. (1950). Historical Development of Public Opinion. American Journal of Sociology, 55, (4), 376-388.
38. van Deursen A., & van Dijk J. (2014). The digital divide shifts to differences in usage. New Media & Society 16 (3), 507-526.
39. van Dijck J. (2013) The culture of connectivity. A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press.
40. van Dijck J., & Poell Th., Understanding Social Media Logic. Media and Communication, 1(1), 2-14.
41. Vosoughi S., Roy D., & Aral S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online, Science, 359 (6380), 1146-1151.
42. Wilhelm A. (2000). Democracy in the digital age: Challenges to political life in cyberspace. London: Routledge.
43. Willnat L., Lee W., & Detenber B. (2002). Individual?level Predictors of Public Outspokenness: A Test of the Spiral of Silence Theory in Singapore. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14 (4), 391–412.
44. Young J. T. (1923). The New American Government and Its Work. New York: Macmillan & Co.
45. Yun G., & Park S. (2011). Selective Posting: Willingness to post a message online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16, 201–227.
46. Xiaodong Y., & Li Li. (2016). Will the Spiral of Silence Spin on Social Networking Sites? An Experiment on Opinion Climate, Fear of Isolation and Outspokenness. China Media Research. 12 (1), 79-87.
47. Xudong Liu, & Shahira Fahm. (2011). Exploring the spiral of silence in the virtual world: lndividuals' willingness to express personal opinions in online versus offline settings. Journal of Media and Communication Studies, 3 (2), 45-57.
2. Bakshy E., Messing S., & Adamic L. (2016). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook, Science, 348 (6239), 1130–1132.
3. Brandtzaeg P.B., Liders, & M., Skjetne J.H. (2010). Too many Facebook “friends”? Content sharing and sociability versus the need for privacy in social network sites. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact. 26, 1006–1030.
4. Castells M. (2001). The internet galaxy. Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society. Oxford University Press.
5. Childs H. (1965). Public Opinion: Nature, Formation, and Role, Princeton University Press.
6. Coleman S., & Blumler J. (2009). The internet and the democratic citizenship, Theory, practice and policy. Cambridge University Press.
7. Das S., & Kramer A. (2013). Self-censorship on Facebook. In: Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Baltimore.
8. Dubois E., & Szwarc J. (2018). Self-censorship, Polarization, and the “Spiral of Silence” on Social Media? Full Paper Submitted to Internet, Policy & Politics Conference.
9. Fuchs Ch. (2014). Social Media and the Public Sphere. Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 12 (1), 57-101.
10. Gearhart Sh., & Zhang W. (2014). Gay Bullying and Online Opinion Expression: Testing Spiral of Silence in the Social Media Environment. Social Science Computer Review, 32 (1), 18-36.
11. Gearhart Sh., & Zhang W. (2015). “Was It Something I Said?” “No, It Was Something You Posted!” A Study of the Spiral of Silence Theory in Social Media Contexts. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and social networking. 18, 208-213.
12. Glynn C., Hayes A., & Shanahan J. (1997). Perceived support for one's opinions and willingness to speak out: a meta-analysis of survey studies on the "spiral of silence". The Public Opinion Quarterly, 61 (3), 452-463.
13. Glynn, C. J., & Park, E. (1997). Reference groups, opinion intensity, and public opinion expression. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 9 (3), 213-232.
14. Habermas J. (1991). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
15. Habermas J. (1996). Between Facts and Norms. Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
16. Hampton K. N., Rainie L., Lu W., Dwyer M., Shin I., & Purcell K. (2014). Social Media and the Spiral of Silence. Pewinternet.org. Retrived February 29, 2020 from: https://www.pewinternet.org/2014/08/26/social-media-and-the-spiral-of-silence/
17. Hayes R., Smock A., & Carr C. (2015). Face[book] Management: Self-Presentation of Political Views on Social Media. Retrived February 29, 2020 from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10510974.2015.1018447
18. Holt R. (2004). Dialogue on the Internet: Language, Civic Identity, and Computer-mediated Communication Civic Discourse for the Third Millennium. Greenwood Publishing Group.
19. Iosifidis P., & Wheeler M. (2016). Public Spheres and Mediated Social Networks in the Western Context and Beyond, Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business.
20. Kim S.-H. (2017). Spiral of Silence: Fear of Isolation and Willingness to Speak Out. Retrived February 29, 2020 from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0037
21. Kim S., Han, M., Shanahan, J. & Berdayes V. (2004). Talking on "Sunshine in North Korea": a test of the spiral of silence as a theory of powerful mass media. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 16 (1), 39-62.
22. Kim S. (2017). Spiral of Silence: Fear of Isolation and Willingness to Speak Out. Retrived February 29, 2020 from:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0037
23. Liu X., & Fahm Sh. (2011). Exploring the spiral of silence in the virtual world: lndividuals' willingness to express personal opinions in online versus offline settings. Journal of Media and Communication Studies. 3(2), 45-57.
24. Liua Y., Raymond J., & Xi Cuic R. (2017). Are people willing to share their political opinions on Facebook? Exploring roles of self-presentational concern in spiral of silence. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 294-302.
25. Luo L., Li M., Wang Q., Xue Y., Liu Ch., & Wang Zh., (2016) Spiral of Silence in Social Networks: A Data-driven Approach. IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM).
26. Lupton D., (2015). Digital sociology. Routledge, New York.
27. Malaspina C. (2014). The Spiral of Silence and Social Media: analysing Noelle-Neumann’s phenomenon application on the Web during the Italian Political Elections of 2013. London School of Economics and Political Science, 29-32.
28. Matthes J., Knoll J., & von Sikorski Ch. (2018). The “Spiral of Silence” Revisited: A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Perceptions of Opinion Support and Political Opinion Expression. Communication Research, 45 (1), 3-33
29. McChesney, R. (1995). The Internet and US Communication Policy-Making in Historical and Critical Perspective. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 1(4). Retrived February 29, 2020 from: https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/article/1/4/JCMC142/4584372
30. Neubaum G., & Krämer N. (2018), What Do We Fear? Expected Sanctions for Expressing Minority Opinions in Offline and Online Communication. Communication Research, 45(2), 139–164.
31. Noelle-Neumann E. (1996). Obshestvennoe mnenie. Otkrikite spirali molchaniya (Public opinion. The discovery of spiral of silence, in Russian). Moscow: Progress-Academy publishing-house.
32. Oz M. (2015). The spiral of silence on the new media environment, Conference by The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. Retrived February 29, 2020 from: https://www.academia.edu/15309047/The_spiral_of_silence_on_the_new_media_environment
33. Porten-Cheé P., & Eilders Ch. (2015). Spiral of silence online: How online communication affects opinion climate perception and opinion expression regarding the climate change debate. Studies in Communication Sciences, 15, (1), 143-150.
34. Rasmussen T., (2014). Internet and the Political Public Sphere. Sociology Compass, 8 (12), 1315–1329.
35. Sauerwein J. A. (1933). The Moulders of Public Opinion. In: Public Opinion and World Politics. Ed. Quincy Wright. Chicago.
36. Schulz A., & Roessler P. (2012). The Spiral of Silence and the Internet: Selection of Online Content and the Perception of the Public Opinion Climate in Computer-Mediated Communication Environment. International Journal of Public Opinion Research. 24 (3). 346-367.
37. Speier H. (1950). Historical Development of Public Opinion. American Journal of Sociology, 55, (4), 376-388.
38. van Deursen A., & van Dijk J. (2014). The digital divide shifts to differences in usage. New Media & Society 16 (3), 507-526.
39. van Dijck J. (2013) The culture of connectivity. A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press.
40. van Dijck J., & Poell Th., Understanding Social Media Logic. Media and Communication, 1(1), 2-14.
41. Vosoughi S., Roy D., & Aral S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online, Science, 359 (6380), 1146-1151.
42. Wilhelm A. (2000). Democracy in the digital age: Challenges to political life in cyberspace. London: Routledge.
43. Willnat L., Lee W., & Detenber B. (2002). Individual?level Predictors of Public Outspokenness: A Test of the Spiral of Silence Theory in Singapore. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14 (4), 391–412.
44. Young J. T. (1923). The New American Government and Its Work. New York: Macmillan & Co.
45. Yun G., & Park S. (2011). Selective Posting: Willingness to post a message online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16, 201–227.
46. Xiaodong Y., & Li Li. (2016). Will the Spiral of Silence Spin on Social Networking Sites? An Experiment on Opinion Climate, Fear of Isolation and Outspokenness. China Media Research. 12 (1), 79-87.
47. Xudong Liu, & Shahira Fahm. (2011). Exploring the spiral of silence in the virtual world: lndividuals' willingness to express personal opinions in online versus offline settings. Journal of Media and Communication Studies, 3 (2), 45-57.
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Published
2020-03-24
How to Cite
HAKOBYAN, A. . (2020). Digitalization Of Communication And The Spiral Of Silence Theory. WISDOM, 14(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v14i1.312
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